Le contraire de l’ivresse
La sobriété est aujourd’hui sur toutes les lèvres. Les températures de cet été nous ont fait sentir que quelque chose est en train de changer. On parle de sobriété énergétique, numérique, heureuse (Pierre Rabhi)… Les linguistes nous apprennent que sobriété et ébriété partagent une même étymologie : en latin ebrius veut dire « ivre » et que les deux premières lettres « so » sont sans doute un préfixe privatif. L’homme sobre est tout d’abord celui qui n’est pas ivre, qui sait donc se dominer pour ne pas céder à la tentation de l’ivresse.
La sobriété, une sagesse dès l’Antiquité
Traditionnellement, la philosophie associait la sobriété à la tempérance, cette vertu éthique qui nous dispose à « tempérer » nos plaisirs. Dans l’Antiquité, les Grecs avaient une méfiance instinctive de l’excès, l’outrance, la démesure, qu’ils dénommaient hubris (ὕϐρις / húbris). Rappelons nous la devise de Solon : « Rien de trop ». Cet éloge de la maîtrise de soi connaîtra un immense succès : les Grecs et tout particulièrement Aristote considèreront que l’excellence humaine est une médiété, une juste mesure qu’il appartient à l’homme de réaliser en lui-même et dans ses relations : ce en quoi consiste la sagesse pratique. Celui qui s’en détourne en voulant plus que sa part se rend coupable. En franchissant les limites qui lui sont fixées, il devra subir le châtiment de la némesis, la vengeance divine : « Regarde les animaux qui sont d’une taille exceptionnelle dit Hérodote : le ciel les foudroie et ne les laisse pas jouir de leur supériorité ; mais les petits n’excitent point sa jalousie. Regarde les maisons les plus hautes, et les arbres aussi : sur eux descend la foudre, car le ciel rabaisse toujours ce qui dépasse la mesure. » Car l’hubris devient folie, elle s’empare de celui qui connaît son ivresse, et c’est bien cela qui risque de nous arriver aujourd’hui.
Nos résistances à la sobriété
Une culture de la sobriété s’oppose à notre façon de vivre pour toutes sortes de raisons : la société de consommation fonctionne selon une contagion mimétique qui cherche le toujours plus sans se soucier des impacts écologiques. La logique de la maximisation économique (des ventes, du chiffre d’affaires, du profit) vise aussi le toujours plus, souvent au-delà du nécessaire. Parce que l’énergie était disponible et abondante, nous avons pris la mauvaise habitude de la croire sans limite. La nouvelle situation géopolitique accélère la fin de cette période. Mais la prise de conscience est lente, alors qu’il faut se préparer à « des conditions de vie plus difficiles pour une part croissante de la population mondiale » (Jancovici).
L’urgence
On découvre aujourd’hui que non seulement les ressources de la planète sont limitées, mais que nous devons changer nos comportements destructeurs de l’environnement, et … que c’est urgent ! La sobriété n’est plus une petite vertu éthique à l’usage des gens modérés, mais elle devient une urgence qui nous concerne tous dans notre relation à la planète. C’est une question de bon sens rappelée par Vincent Lindon lors d’un témoignage qui a fait grand bruit.
Sobriété contrainte et choisie
Remarque : Aristote fait bien la différence entre celui qui devient tempérant par choix et celui qui l’est par contrainte. Nous allons être contraints d’adopter la sobriété, avec de probables coupures d’électricité et restrictions énergétiques. Ce n’est que le début. Mais il sera également utile que chacun apporte sa contribution volontaire, notamment par ces petits gestes qui ont leur impact : en France 75% du pétrole est consommé par les transports, 43% du gaz par le chauffage, 95% du charbon par les industries. Une façon de comprendre que nous sommes tous concernés par les deux premières énergies fossiles.
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